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Subjunctive Mood

一、概念

它是一种动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。

虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。

 

二、语法结构

1.if结构（非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况）

   

      与..事实相反       If从句                  主句

      过去              Had done               Would* have done

      现在              Were/did               Would* do

      将来         did/Should do /were to do   Would* do

 

例句：If there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now.  [过去]

If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon.[现在]

If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first.            [将来]

If I were you, I should buy it. 如果我是你，我就买了它。

If I had time, I would study French.如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。

If she knew English,she would not ask me for help.

如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。

If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.

如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。

If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping.

如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。

If it should rain, the crops would(could, might)be saved.

假如天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。

If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square. 在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中，were to + 动词原形比较正式，常用于书面语中。

If it rained (常用形式)tomorrow, I should/would stay at home.

If it were to rain (可能性小)tomorrow, I should/would stay at home.

If it should rain (可能性大)tomorrow, I should/would stay at home.

 

备注：

（1）上表中’would*’可转换为should、could、might。

主句中的should只用于第一人称，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。（所以很多选择题的唯一答案并非唯一。）

 

（2) 如果为时间错综句(Conditional Sentences of Mixed Time)的话，左右两栏可互相搭配，排列组合。

例句：

He would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug.

[与现在事实相反]                   [与过去事实相反]

If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 

If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.

If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.

If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now.

If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。

（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。）

If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。（从句说明现在，主句说明过去。）

If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.

假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。）

 

虚拟与陈述的混合：

He could have passed the exam, but he wasn’t careful enough.

You should have come earlier, the bus left a moment ago.

 

 (3)  if可转换为其他形式

例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully.         [过去]

=If there hadn’t been your advice, we …）

Your notes are almost illegible (难以辨认的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read.  [将来]

=If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.)

I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[过去]

=可转换为：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he ..)

without/but for + n.= if it were not for +n./if it hadn’t been for + n. (otherwise后从句同)

I would not have passed the exam without your help.(=if it hadn’t been for your help)

常用的介词或介词短语主要有without（没有），but for（要不是），in the absence of（如果没有）或were it not for（要是没有），but that（假设……不）等。例如：

Without electricity, there would not be modern industry.

But for the leadership of the Party, we couldn’t live such a happy life.

In the absence of gravity, there would be no air around the earth.

Example:

   Without gravity, we ______ able to walk.

   a. were   b. should be   c. can be   d. should not be

   Were it not for the atmosphere, the stars ______ shining at any time in the day.

   a. be seen  b. can be seen  c. could be seen  d. could have been seen

Had it not been for the PLA，we wouldn't have been able to beat the flood．要不是人民解放军，我们是无法战胜洪水的。

注：从句部分出现了否定词not，如果把该句还原成正常语序，应该是： If it hadn't been for the PLA，we wouldn't have been able to beat the flood．但是一旦句子发生了省略，就必须把hadn't分开，否定词not还原，放在主语之后，不可写成Hadn't it been for的形式。

 

(4) 省略if, 要将should/were/had 提到句首

有时if引导的状语从句可以省略 if，而把从句中的动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面。只要用于书面语。

Were she younger, she would do it .如果她年青点，她就会干的。

Had he known her address, he would had gone to visit her.

Had we made good preparations, we might have succeeded.

Had it not rained, we would have gone out for a walk.

Were I you, I would not do such a thing.

If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)

Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.

以whether引导的句子也可以这样用，此类句子和上面一个句子也被称为“开放式条件句”。（疑问：时态？）

Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。)

Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.

____ ,I will take her as my wife.

  ［A］Were she rich or poor   ［B］Being rich or poor

  ［C］Be she poor or rich    ［D］Whether is she poor or rich

 

(5) 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。

I could help you.我本来可以帮助你。

If I had time.我要有时间该多好啊。

She should have come to the party.她应该来参加聚会。

If he had much more money.如果他有更多的钱就能...。

 

(6) If only + clause ( did/were与现在相反) ((would/could/might + do与将来相反) ( had done 与过去相反) “要是。。。就好了“

If only he would come tomorrow!

If only I had taken her advice!

If only I were ten years younger!

If only he had been here. 要是他当时在这儿就好了。

 

在only if 这个短语中，副词only是中心词,而从属连接词if则只是用来连接从句的，表示“只有……(才)；只有在……的时候，唯一的条件是……”的意思。

I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard.只有努力才能成功。

only if 有时也写成only...if，表示唯一的条件，意思不变。

I will only come home if you come with me.

（= I will come home only if you come with me.）

只有你跟我一起走，我才回家。

Yet they could get the blood only if one of the frightened children would agree to give it.

但是，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。

 

在if only这个短语中，中心词是从属连接词if, 而副词only只是加强if的语气的，因此，if only仅仅是if的一种强化形式，不仅能表达说话人的愿望，而且能表达条件。因此，它同if一样，也能引出条件状语从句。

If only they were here now, we would be able to celebrate their wedding anniversary.如果他们现在在这里，我们就能庆祝他们的结婚纪念日了。

if only有时也可以写成if... only。例如：

If she would only come! 但愿他能来。

If only I wouldn't eat so noisily. 但愿我吃东西不这样大声就好了。

If he would only learn to eat quietly! 但愿他学会吃东西时小声点就好了！

 

顺便提及much too和too much的区别，和前面一组相反，要以后面的词为中心。

 

(7) as if/though引导的状语从句中，谓语可用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气，要看句子的意义而定。虚拟的谓语时态：(did/were 与现在相反) (would/could/might + do与将来相反)( had done 与过去相反)

She treats Kate as if she were her own daughter.

They talked as if they had been friends for years.

He speaks as if he had been to the United States.

It seemed as if the good man were trying to teach us all that he knew at his last lesson.

That tree looked as if it _____ for a long time.

A) hasn't watered B) didn't water

C) hadn't been watered D) wasn't watered

（Ｃ,那棵树看上去好像很久没人给它浇水了。（虚拟语气）

 

When the spaceship leaves the earth at very high speed, the astronauts feel as if they are being crushed against the spaceship floor.

宇宙飞船高速离开地球时,宇航员感到自己似乎是被压着贴在飞船的地板上｡

as if后面还可以直接跟动词不定式短语､分词短语或介词短语｡例如:

The fat man threw himself on the ground, and held his breath as if to be dead. 那位胖人扑倒在地,屏住气,就像死了一样｡

Our teacher, Mr Zhang, was sitting at the desk, as if thinking about something. 我们的张老师坐在桌子旁,好像在思考着什么｡

It looks as if it is going to rain. 

好象要下雨了。（陈述语气）

更多例子：

He talks to me as if he were my brother.

He told us his early experience in New York as if he had really been a millionaire there.

They talked (are talking) as if they had been friends for years.

It seems as if it was (were) spring today.

He acts (acted) as if (though) he were (was) an expert.

 

2、wish结构

 

与..事实相反

过去                Had done

现在                Were/did

将来                Would

 

I wish I were a bird.

I wish he handn't done that.

I wish I would be rich in the future.

I wish I could go with them tomorrow.

I wish I had never met him.

I wish it would stop raining.

I wish you would be quiet.

You wished she would arrive the next day.

注意：如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that从句中的动词形式不变。

I wished I hadn’t spent so much money.

 

3、should结构

 

从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。该类动词包括：

（1）高中词汇：advise（劝告）、ask（要求）、decide（决定）、insist（坚持）、order（下令）、suggest（建议）等。

（2）四、六级常考词汇：command（命令）、demand（要求）、desire（渴望）、propose（提议）、recommend（劝告）、require（要求）等。

（3）其他词汇：consent（同意）、deserve（值得提起）、maintain（主张）、move（提议）、urge（极力主张）、 vote（提议）等。

The teacher suggest he (should) read English aloud.

The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.

He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.

 

注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”即表示坚持观点时、suggest表示“表明，显示，暗示（这时主语为something）”时，后接的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。

例句：The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.

He insisted that he was honest.

比较：

His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.

他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。

He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.建议我坚持自己的决定。

He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。

He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.

他坚持他每天都要早操

 

4、would rather ＋从句

would rather, would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon, would prefer之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事的懊悔”。

John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.

I would rather you did this instead of me.

I would rather you came tomorrow.

I would rather you hadn’t told her the news.

I’d rather you told me the truth.我真希望你告诉我真相。

I’d rather I didn’t see you again.我宁愿不再见着你。

I'd rather I hadn't met you．我宁愿从来就没遇见过你。

 

注意：would rather之后用动词原形的情况。

⑴若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形。

I would rather stay at home today.

⑵Would rather…than…中用动词原形。

I would rather stay at home than go out today.

这个归纳远不如以下的归纳：

特别需要注意的是，如果would rather, would (just) as soon 后面不接宾语从句，而是直接和动词连用，则后面接动词原型。

I would rather go there tomorrow.

He would rather not stay at home tonight.

注： would rather和would sooner两词组除了要掌握它们后面宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法以外，还要知道这两个词组后面都可以直接加动词原形，这也是四、六级考试中的一大考点，如：美国歌曲《山鹰》中的第一句歌词就是：I'd rather be a sparrow than a snail．其中，就使用了句式would rather do than do（宁愿做……而不做……）。

 

5、主语从句中的虚拟语气

1）It be + 形容词 + that ．．．（should）．．．

用于该句型的形容词是：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising ．

It's necessary that we should have a walk now.

It's natural that she should do so.

It's important that we should take good care of the patient.

 

一些名词也可以用于 在该结构中。如：a pity， no wonder．．．．

 

It is natural/necessary/strange that-clause (should do/do)表惊奇、怀疑、惋惜、不满、理应如此等。

It’s strange that he should have missed the train. （表竟然）

It is important that we should learn from others.（表理应如此）

It is a pity that he should not go with us.(表惊讶、不满)

 

2）It be + 过去分词 + that ．．．（should）．．．．

用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如：desired， suggested， requested，ordered， proposed等。

 

主语从句：在It is ＋形容词／某些动词的过去分词＋主语从句的结构中，从句的谓语动词须用动词原形或 should ＋do的形式。这些形容词包括：

（1）高中词汇：decided（决定的）、important（重要的）、ordered（命令的）等。

（2）四、六级常考词汇：advisable（合理的）、demanded（要求的）、desired（期望的）、desirable（合乎需要的）、 essential（紧要的）、insistent（坚持的）、natural（自然的）、preferable（更可取的）、proposed（建议的）、 recommended（推荐的）、required（要求的）、urgent（紧迫的）、vital（极其重要的）等。

（3）其他词汇：appropriate（适当的）、arranged（安排好的）、better（较好的）、imperative（迫切的）、 possible（可能的）、probable（可能的）、resolved（决心的）、 strange（奇怪的）、suggested（建议的）等。

例：It is highly desirable that a new mayor be appointed for this city．这座城市急需任命一位新市长。

 

3）It is time（about time， high time）that ．．．（过去式动词形式或should＋动词原形）．．．．但should不可省略。

It is time that the children went to bed.

It is high time that the children should go to bed.

It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now.

 

6、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气

在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用：should＋原形动词。另外连接从句的that不能省略。

My suggestion is that we should go there at once.

What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?

My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。

The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately.司令官的命令是部队立即开拔去前线。

 

例：His proposal is that we turn off TV for half an hour every day．他建议我们每天少看半个小时的电视。

特别提示：从以上的各类从句中我们可以得到以下的推论，即当一个动词后面的宾语从句中要使用（should）＋do的虚拟语气形式时，则可推理出用法相同的一组从句。以动词advise为例：

（1）I advise that we stay and wait here．（动词后的宾语从句）

（2）It is advised that we stay here．（It is ＋动词的过去分词＋that引导的主语从句）

（3）It is advisable that we stay here．（It is ＋由该动词转换的形容词＋that引导的主语从句）

（4）My advice is that we stay here．（由该动词转换的名词后的表语从句）

（5）I offered the advice that we stay here．（由该动词转换的名词后的同位语从句）

（6）I think it advisable that we stay here．（由该动词转换的形容词作宾语补足语，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语从句中使用虚拟语气）

以上六类从句中所使用的都为（should）＋do的虚拟语气形式。

 

三、使用范围及判断

1、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。

 

2、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断

判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。

 

判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。与哪个事实相反，不能以主句的时态为判断依据，而是根据从句的意义判断。

 

3、“后退一步法”

后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是：

 

1）与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。

2）与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。

3）与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。

主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。

例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.

If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.

If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.

 

四、补充：

1. were型虚拟语气(me：另外一种分类)

⑴用于某些状语分句中

were型虚拟式常用于由if, if only, as if, as though, though引导的条件状语和让步状语分句中，表示非真实的条件或让步。

If I were you, I should wait till next week.

If it were to rain, the game would be put off.

He spoke to me as if I were deaf.

He behaves as though he were better than us.

Though the whole would were against me, I would do what I consider as right.

⑵用于某些名词性分句中

常用于出现在wish, would rather, suppose, imagine之后的that分句中，表示一种臆想的(通常是不可能发生的)情况。

I wish it were spring all the year round.

Suppose the earth were flat.

Just imagine everyone were to give up smoking.

⑶以上were型虚拟式在第一、第三人称单数后可以用was代替，但以下两种情况除外：

①在if I were you分句中，只能用were。

②在某些倒装结构中也只用were。

Were I to do it (= If I were to do it), I should rely on you.

③在as it were(宛如，好比)中，也只能用were。

He is my best friend, my second self, as it were.

 

2、虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。/虚拟语气用于某些公式化语句中，表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义。

Long live the people’ Republic of China.

God bless you!

So be it. (但愿如此。)

May you be happy.祝你幸福。

May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。

May the friendship between us last long.祝愿我们的友情天长地久。

Have a good journey!祝愿你旅途愉快！

You go out！你出去！

May good luck be yours!祝你好运！

May you be happy!祝你快乐！

May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！

Long live the people! 人民万岁！

“God bless you,” said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”

 

3、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：

Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?

请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？

It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。

 

4 含蓄条件句

非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况；

1）  条件暗含在短语中。如：

 (1)What would I have done without you?

如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)

 (2) It would be easier to do it this way.

这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way中)

 (3) This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster.       同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in

wartime中)

 (4) But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.      如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功。 (暗含条件是but for your help)

 (5) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast.

他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)

 (6) Alone, he would have been terrified.

如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)

2）条件暗含在上下文中。如：

 (7) You might stay her forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。

(可能暗含if you wanted to)

(8) We would have succeeded.  我们本来是会成功的。

(可能暗含if we had kept trying)

 (9) Your reputation would be ruined.  你的名誉会败坏的。

(可能暗含if you should accept it)

 (10) I would appreciate a little of your time.谢谢你给我一点时间吧。

(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)

3）在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：

 (11) You wouldn’t know.  你不会知道。

 (12) I would like to come.  我愿意来。

 (13) I wouldn’t have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。

 (14) He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness.  他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样。

 

5 would like/was/were to have done something

I would like to have attended the party, but one of my friends came to see me.

 

6 whoever等引导的状语从句

由连接代词whoever（无论谁）、whatever（无论什么）、whichever（无论哪个）等和连接副词however（无论如何）、 whenever（无论何时）、wherever（无论哪里）等及 no matter＋how／what／when ／where ／who（无论怎样／什么／何时／哪里／谁）构成的词组引导的让步状语从句，若表示说话人对现在或将来的推测，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，形式为动词原形或 may ／might＋do.

例：Whichever be the case，my situation remained the same．

无论是哪种情况，我的处境都一样。

 

7 lest（以防、以免）、in case（万一、以防）、for fear that（因恐、免得）、so long as引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要使用（should）＋do的形式。

The old woman walked slowly lest she（should）slip．

He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again．

The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____ himself.

   a. injure b. injured c. had injure d. would injure

   这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房，以免伤了他自己。（答案是a）

 

8 由"providing (that)/ provided (that)/on condition that/ in order that"引导的条件从句或目的从句，根据情况，可用虚拟语气。（有时也可用陈述语气）

 They are willing surrender provided they are given free passage.

 

9 “had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。

I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.

 

五 虚拟巩固练习：

练习一

1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _____ the book from which it was made.

A. have read B. had read   C. should have read D. are reading

2.You are late. If you _____ a few minutes earlier, you _____ him.

A. come; would meet B. had come; would have met

C. come; will meet D. had come; would meet

3.The two students talked as if they _____ friends for years.

A. should be B. would be     C. have been D. had been

4.It is important that I _____ with Mr. Williams immediately.

A. speak B. spoke       C. will speak D. to speak

5.He looked as if he _____ ill for a long time.

A. was B. were        C. has been D. had been

6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _____.

A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hours

C. have lied there for two hours D. have lain there for two hours

7.I wish that I _____ with you last night.

A. went B. could go     C. have gone D. could have gone

8.Let’s say you could go there again, how _____ feel?

A. will you B. should you     C. would you D. do you

9.I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything.

A. knew B. knows      C. has known D. had known

10._____ the fog, we should have reached our school.

A. Because of B. In spite of    C. In case of D. But for

11.If you had told me in advance, I _____ him at the airport.

A. would meet B. would had met  C. would have met D. would have meet

12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he_____ me how.

A. teaches B. will teach    C. has taught D. would teach

13.I would have told him the answer had it been possible, but I _____ so busy then.

A. had been B. were     C. was D. would be

14.He’s working hard for fear that he _____.

A. should fall behind B. fell behind

C. may fall behind D. would fallen behind

15.If it _____ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.

A. had rained B. would have rained    C. have seen D. rained

16.He suggested that they _____ use a trick instead of fighting.

A. should B. would       C. do D. had

17.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _____ there.

A. not went   B. won’t go    C. not go D. not to go

18.I would have gone to the meeting if I _____ time.

A. had had B. have had   C. had D. would have had

19.Would you rather I _____ buying a new bike?

A. decided against B. will decide against

C. have decided D. shall decide against

20.You look so tired tonight. It is time you _____.

A. go to sleep B. went to sleep   C. go to bed  D. went to bed

21.—Why didn’t you buy a new car?

—I would have bought one if I _____ enough money.

A. had     B. have had      C. would have D. had had

22.If she could sew, _____.

A. she make a dress B. she would have made a shirt

C. she will make a shirt D. she would had made a coat

23._____ today, he would get there by Friday.

A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving  C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves

24.His doctor suggested that he _____ a short trip abroad.

A. will take B. would take     C. take D. took

25.The Bakers arrived last night. If they’d only let us know earlier,_____ at the station.

A. we’d meet them          B. we’ll meet them

C. we’d have met them D. we’ve met them

26.If I _____ you, I _____ more attention to English idioms and phrases.

A. was; shall pay B. am; will pay

C. would be; would pay D. were; would pay

27.We might have failed if you _____ us a helping hand.

A. have not given B. would not give

C. had not given D. did not give

28.The law requires that everyone _____ his car checked at least once a year.

A. has     B. had          C. have D. will have

29.It is strange that he _____ so.

A. would say B. would speak   C. should say D. will speak

30.Had I known her name, _____

A. or does she know mine? B. and where does she live?

C. she would be beautiful. D. I would have invited her to lunch.

31.He has just arrived, but he talks as if he _____ all about that.

A. know B. knows     C. known    D. knew

32.If I _____ the money, I would have bought a much bigger car.

A. possessed   B. owned     C. had D. had had

33.He was very busy yesterday; otherwise, he _____ to the meeting.

A. would come B. came    C. would have come D. will come

34.The librarian insists that John _____ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he has borrowed.

A. will take  B. took   C. take D. takes

35.I left very early last night, but I wish I _____ so early.

A. didn’t leave B. hadn’t left   C. haven’t left D. couldn’t leave

36.I do not have a job. I would find one but I _____ no time.

A. had B. didn’t have      C. had had D. have

37.I wish that you _____ such a bad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.

A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had    C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have

38.He insisted that we all _____ in his office at one o’clock.

A. be B. to be      C. would be D. shall be

39.Helen couldn’t go to France after all. That’s too bad. I’m sure she would have enjoyed it if _____.

A. she’s gone B. she’ll go    C. she’d gone D. she’d go

40.I must go there earlier. John has suggested that I _____ an hour before the discussion begins.

A. go B. shall go       C. will go D. would go

1—5 BBDAD 6—10 DDCAD 11—15 CDCAA 16—20 ACAAD

21—25 DBCCC 26—30 DCCCD 31—35 DDCCB 36—40 DCACA

解析：

1.wish后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。

2.条件句表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时，从句用过去完成时。

3.as if后面如果表示真实情况就不用虚拟。

4.It is important that是主语从句的虚拟语气，从句用sb. should do的形式。

5.as if后面是真实情况，不虚拟。

6.lain是lie的过去分词，表示“躺”。

7.could have done表示“本来可以”。

8.与将来相反的虚拟语气，主句用过去将来时。

9.as if表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。

10.but for表示“要不是……的话”，通常与虚拟语气搭配使用。

11.in advance表示“事先”，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。

12.wish的宾语从句表示发生在将来的愿望用过去将来时。

13.but的并列句表示真实情况，不用虚拟语气。

14.for fear that后面的状语从句用sb. should do的形式。

15.表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时，从句用过去完成时。

16.suggest后面的宾语从句用sb. should do的形式。

17.suggest后面的从句用sb. should do的形式，should可以省略。

18.表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。

19.would rather的宾语从句用sb. did的形式。

20.It is time后面的定语从句用sb. did的形式。

21.第一个had是过去完成时，第二个had表示“有”。

22.would have done是过去将来完成时，表示与过去相反的虚拟语气。

23.这是虚拟语气的倒装形式，把if去掉，助动词提前。

24.suggest后面的从句用sb. should do的形式，should可以省略。

25.表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时。

26.在虚拟语气中，不管什么人称，be动词都要用were的形式。

27.表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。

28.require后面的从句用sb. should do的形式，should可以省略。

29.It is strange that是主语从句的虚拟语气，从句用sb. should do的形式。

30.had I known是与过去相反的虚拟语气的倒装形式。

31.as if表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。

32.第一个had是过去完成时，第二个had表示“有”。

33.otherwise经常可以搭配虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反。

34.当insist表示“坚持认为”时不用虚拟形式。

35.wish后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。

36.but的并列句表示真实情况，不用虚拟语气。

37.wish后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。

38.当insist表示“坚持要求”时从句用虚拟形式。

39.表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。

40.suggest后面的从句用sb. should do的形式，should可以省略。

 

练习二

1. If there________（were，was）no air on the earth，we could not live.

解答：这是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。从表格中得出，条件从句的谓语动词要用过去式（be用were代替），而主句中的would是用情态动词could代替，所以这里应填were。 译文：如果地球上没有空气，我们就不能生存。

2. If you_______（should，would）be there tomorrow，you would help him.

解答：这是与将来事实可能相反的虚拟语气。从表格中得出，条件从句的谓语动词是（2）、should＋动词原形（过去将来时），而主句中是用would＋动词原形（同样是过去将来时），所以应填should。 译：如果明天你在那里，你会帮助他的。

3. （Would，Should）you mind lending me your newspaper？

解答：这是用在语气委婉的句子中的虚拟语气。据“游戏规则”2、（6）、得知，谓语用“would（could）＋动词原形”，所以这里应填Would。（注：惯用语：动词mind后接的宾语必须是动名词，即此句子中的lending。）

译文：请把你的报纸借给我看看好吗？

4.  If places _____ alike, there would be little need for geographers.

A. being B. are C. be D. were

如果各地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。（Ｄ）

5、 Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job, she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.

A) has to get B) were to get C) had got  D) could have got

吉不想立刻工作，因为她想：如果她得到一份工作，她就不能经常去看她的朋友了。(B)

6、 If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell , you ____ now.

A) wouldn't be smiling    B) couldn't have smiled

C) won't smile            D) didn't smile

你掉下来的时候，如果我没有站在梯子下面看着你，你现在就不会笑了。 (A)

7、 _____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I               答案C.

 

练习三：翻译

1. 要是我有翅膀，我就飞到美国去。

If I had wings, I would fly to America.

2. 如果我是你，我就去死。

If I were you, I would go to death.

3. 要是那鞋子我穿着合适我就买了。]

If the shoes had fitted me, I would have bought them.

4. 要是我生在美国，我就不用学英语了。

If I had been born in America, I would not have studied English.

5. 如果上帝赋予我财富和美貌，我会让你难以离开我，就像我现在难以离开你一样。

If God had gifted me with wealth and beauty, I would have made it hard for you to leave me as it is hard for me to leave you.

6. 要不是暴风雪，我们早就到了。

But for the storm, we would have arrived. 

7. 要是你选了三号，我们就中了五百万了。

If you had chosen the number three, we would have won 5 million.

8. 要是我早知道她的名字，就不会那么尴尬了。

If I had known her name, I would not have been so embarrassed.

9. 即使明天太阳从西边出来，我也不会那么做。

Even if the sun were to rise in the west, I would not do so.

10. 要是你早告诉我实话就好了。

If only you have told me the truth.

11. 没有空气，我们根本就不能生存。

We could not live without air.

12. 他看起来像是死了。

He seems as if he were dead.

13. 我到宁愿他明天给我打电话。

I would rather he called me tomorrow.

14. 我希望我像你一样强壮。

I wish I were as strong as you.

15. 他建议我们尽早开始。

He suggests we should begin as early as possible.

16. 他们坚持要我收下礼物。

They insisted we should accept the gift.

17. 你有必要自己亲自去一趟。

It is necessary that you go there in person.

18. 他父亲坚持要她嫁给那个老男人。

Her father insisted that she should marry the old man.

19. 有时候我希望我现在生活在一个不同的时代，不同的地方。

Sometimes I wish I were living in a different time, different place.

20. 有些女性本应该挣很高的工资而不是呆在家里，但是她们决定为了家庭的利益(for the sake of their families)而不工作。

Some women should have made a good salary instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.

21. 你真自私，现在是时候了，你该意识到你不是世界上最重要的人。

You are very selfish. It’s time you realized that you are not the most important person in the world.

22. 坦白说，我到宁愿你现在什么事都不做。

To be frank (frankly speaking), I would rather you did not do anything about it for the time being.

23. 他说起话来就像出过国一样。

He talked as if he had been abroad.

24. 要是他万一再失败，我还能做什么其他的吗？

Should he fail this time, what else could I do?

25. 要是我有机会试一试，我会用另一种方法做的

If there should be any chance, I would do it in another way.

26. 即使他们万一失败，他们也不会泄气

Should they fail, we would not give it up.

27. 要是他听进了我的劝告就不会犯这么严重的错误了。

If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such serious mistakes.

28. 但愿你更细心一些

I wish you were more careful

29. 我要是有再多一点钱，我就买一套更大一些房子。]

If I had more money, I would buy a larger house.

30. 你若是这里的经理，你会怎么办？

What would you do if you were the manager here?

31. 有人建议，英语晚会周六举行。

It is suggested that the English party should be held on Saturday.

32. 我希望我懂一点程序设计就好了。

I wish I knew something about programming.

33. 他们希望他们没有对我们说过那件事。

They wish they had not told us about it.

34. 但愿你越来越年轻。

I wish that you would get younger and younger.

35. 这一切我记忆犹新，仿佛就是昨天发生的事一样。

I can still remember the whole thing in great detail as though it were yesterday.

Everything is quite clear to me, as if it happened yesterday.

36. 他们谈话的那股亲热劲就如同是多年的老朋友似的。

They are talking as if they had been friends for years.

37. 如果那个男孩今天下午没有被救，他的家现在就不会如此安宁。

If the boy had not been saved this afternoon, his family would not be in peace now.

38. 如果过去的一周之内天气很好，庄稼就会比现在好的多了。

If the weather had been fine during the past week, the crops would grow better now.

39. 将军命令士兵马上开火。

The general ordered that the soldier should fire right now.

40. 希望教室在一小时内打扫干净。（it is desirable that）

It is desirable that the classroom should be cleaned in an hour.

If I were to pass CET-6，I would treat you to dinner at KFC．

我要是过了六级考试，就请你去吃肯德基。

Were he here now，he would certainly help me．

他要是在这里肯定会帮我的忙。

注：在虚拟条件从句中，动词be在正常语序中常用were，在口语中，当主语是第一、第三人称单数时，可用was，但在if的倒装句中，必须用were.

If I were you，I would have gone to see the doctor．

我要是你，我早就去看病了。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反）

If you had gone to see the doctor，you would be all right now．

你要早去看病，你现在就没事了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）

But for the English test，I would have gone home this week．

要不是英语测试，我这个礼拜就回家了。

I wish I were as young as you．

我希望自己像你一样年轻。

练习四

My cat wouldn't have bitten the toy fish _____ it was made of rubber. 

A) if she has known B) if she knew C) she should have know D) had she known 

如果我那只猫知道那条玩具鱼是用橡胶制作的，她就不会去咬它了。 (D）

____ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. 

A) Not being B) Had it not been C. Without being D) Not having been 

如果不是我病了,我本来是会帮助他的。（B) 

____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. 

A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive 

C) Were they arriving D) Were they to arrive 

如果我们后天走之前他们到达的话，我们就举行一次丰盛的宴会。 (D） 

____ right now, she would get there on Sunday. 

A) Would she leave B) If she leave C) Were she to leave C) If she had left 

如果她立刻就走,她就能在星期天到达那里。(C) 

Had he worked harder, he ____ the exams. 

A) must have got through B) would have got through 

C) would get though D) could get through 

如果他学习更努力些，本来是可以通过考试的。(B) 

Our teacher recommends that we _____ as attentive as possible when visit the museum. 

A. are B. shall C. were D. be 

老师劝我们在参观博物馆时尽可能地聚精会神。 (D) 

We desire that the tour guide _____ us immediately of any change in plans. 

A. inform B. informs C. informed D. has informed 

如果计划有变动，希望导游立即通知我们。（A）

He suggested ________ to tomorrow's exhibition together. 

A. us go B. we went C. we shall D. we go 

他建议我们明天一起去参观展览。（Ｄ）

My father didn't go to New York, the doctor suggested that he ____ there. 

A. not to go B. not go C. hadn't gone D. wouldn’t go 

我父亲没去纽约，医生建议他不要去那儿。(B) 

We are all for your proposal that the discussion ____. 

A) be put off B) was put off C) should put off D) is to put off 

我们都赞成你的建议，把讨论推迟。(A)

It was proposed that the matter ____ discussed at the next meeting. 

A. will be B. was C. would D. be 

有人建议这个问题在下一次会议上讨论。（Ｄ）

It is recommended that the project ____ until all the preparations have been made. 

A) is not started B) will not be started C) not be started D) is not to be started 

有人提议：让所有的准备工作做好后该工程才动工。(C)

It was essential that the application forms ____ back before the deadline. 

A. must be sent B. would be sent C. be sent D. were sent 

申请表务请在截止日期前送回。（Ｃ)

It is necessary ____ the dictionary immediately. 

A. that he will return B. that he returned 

C. that he return D. that he had to return 

他必须立即还那本词典。（C）

I don't think it advisable that Tim ___ to the job since he has no experience. 

A) in assigned B) will be assigned C) be assigned D) has been assigned 

我认为把这工作分配给Tim是不明智的，因为他没有经验。(C)

It is vital that enough money ____ to fund the subject. 

A) be collected B) must be collected C) is collected D) can be collected 

筹集足够的钱为该项目提供资金，这点至关重要。(A)

I'd rather you ____ those important documents with you. 

A. don't take B. won't take C. didn't take D. not take 

我宁愿你身上不带那些重要文件。(C)

To be frank, I'd rather you ____ in the case. 

A) will not be involved B. not involved c) not to be involved D. were not involved 

坦诚地说,我宁愿你不要卷入这个案子。(D) 

You don't have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you ___on business first. 

A) would go B) will go C) went D) have gone 

你不必如此匆忙，我宁愿你先做生意。(C)

I'd rather you ___ make any comment on the issue for the time being。 

A) don't B) wouldn't C) didn't D) shouldn't 

我宁愿你对这个问题暂时不要发表意见。(C) 

Frankly speaking, I'd rather you ____ anything about it for the time being. 

A) didn't do B) haven't done C) don't do D) have done 

坦诚地说，关于这，我宁愿你目前不要做任何事情。(A)

Look at the situation I'm in! If only I ___ your advice. 

A) follow B) had followed C) would follow D) have followed 

 瞧！我的处境多么糟糕，要是我听了你的忠告就好了。(B)

If only the committee ____ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible. 

A) approve B) will approve C) can approve D) would approve 

要是委员会能通过这些规定并使之尽快生效就好了。（D）

以下两题有点问题，既然后一题可以选A，为什么前一题不可以选C：

He didn't go to the party, but he does wish he _____there. 

A) had been B) has been C) would have been D) would be 

他没有去参加聚会，但他的确希望他去了那里。（Ａ)

I wish I ___ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. 

A) could have slept B) slept C) might have slept D) have slept 

今天早上我能睡得更久些就好了，可惜我得起床去上课。(A) 

 

练习五：Answer the following questions:

1. If you were trapped in a lift…

2. If you had a flat tire on your way home..

3. If you heard a noise outside your apartment in the middle of the night…

4. If someone was following you down a dark street…..

5. If you were short of five yuan for a tennis racket….

6. If you were in the lion’s cage, what would you do?

   I would get out as fast as possible.

7 If you found a wallet in the street with a lot of cash in it, what would you do?

 I would wait until the owner came.

8. If your friend wanted to copy your answers during the exam, what would you do?

I would say no and then help him after the exam.

9. What would you do if you won the lottery?

10. If you found a wallet in the street with a lot of cash in it, what would you do?